![]() ![]() In this virtual event, hear from Susie Silbert, curator of postwar & contemporary glass on the history of pipe making in the United States and why we’re talking about it now, with an introduction by Karol Wight, president and executive director. As cannabis legalization has taken hold across much of the country, it has opened the door for major art institutions like The Corning Museum of Glass to start collecting and highlighting the movement, the objects, and the makers. Rooted in counterculture, and highly influenced by the Grateful Dead and hip-hop, pipemakers have brought new techniques and imaginative approaches to borosilicate glass. But because this method costs far more than using tempering ovens and quenching, it is not widely used.Cannabis pipemaking is one of the fastest growing areas of art glass production in the 21st century. Tempered glass, according to federal specifications, must have a surface compression of 10,000 psi or more it generally breaks at approximately 24,000 psi.Īnother approach to making tempered glass is chemical tempering, in which various chemicals exchange ions on the surface of the glass in order to create compression. Annealed glass will break at 6,000 pounds per square inch (psi). Glass in tension breaks about five times more easily than it does in compression. ![]() As a result, the center remains in tension, and the outer surfaces go into compression, which gives tempered glass its strength. As the center of the glass cools, it tries to pull back from the outer surfaces. Quenching cools the outer surfaces of the glass much more quickly than the center. (The industry standard is 620 degrees Celsius.) The glass then undergoes a high-pressure cooling procedure called "quenching." During this process, which lasts just seconds, high-pressure air blasts the surface of the glass from an array of nozzles in varying positions. The oven heats the glass to a temperature of more than 600 degrees Celsius. Next, the glass begins a heat treatment process in which it travels through a tempering oven, either in a batch or continuous feed. GLASS INSPECTOR examines a sheet of tempered glass, looking for bubbles, stones, scratches or any other flaws that could potentially weaken it. ![]() An abrasivesuch as sandpapertakes sharp edges off the glass, which is subsequently washed. (Strength reductions or product failure can occur if any fabrication operations, such as etching or edging, take place after heat treatment.) The glass is then examined for imperfections that could cause breakage at any step during tempering. To prepare glass for the tempering process, it must first be cut to the desired size. Applications include side and rear windows in vehicles, entrance doors, shower and tub enclosures, racquetball courts, patio furniture, microwave ovens and skylights. As a result, tempered glass is used in those environments where human safety is an issue. ![]() And unlike annealed glass, which can shatter into jagged shards when broken, tempered glass fractures into small, relatively harmless pieces. Tempered glass is about four times stronger than "ordinary," or annealed, glass. One can ascertain whether the glass has been properly tempered based on the pattern in the glass breaks. TESTING THE GLASS involves punching it to make certain that the glass breaks into a lot of small, similarly sized pieces. ![]()
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